Using the MPM93 model, the L-band of atmospheric radiation parameters and salinity meter observation brightness temperature under different weather conditions are numerically simulated based on the microwave radiation transfer equation, and using the maximum likelihood estimation algorithm to the inversion of sea surface salinity, which research the influence of different weather conditions on the sea surface salinity retrieval value. The simulation results show that the atmospheric radiation parameters of cloud, fog and haze which considered the effects of suspended droplets are almost the same as those in clear sky, and the influence of them can be neglected. However, the influence of rainfall on atmospheric radiation parameters can’t be neglected, and the error of salinity retrieval increases obviously with the increase of rainfall rate. When the rainfall rate is fixed, the salinity inversion error decreases with the increase of sea surface temperature, and the salinity retrieval error is smaller under low salinity value. Besides, the salinity retrieval error changes decrease after increasing with the increase of sea level atmosphere temperature. Furthermore, the influence of sea surface windspeed, sea level pressure and sea level vapor density on salinity retrieval error are very small.

In recent years, formal methods have undergone a fast development. The authors give a brief review on the formal methods used in software and hardware verification. The main thread of the analysis consists of descriptions of logical systems and their related verification techniques and tools. The purpose is to help engineers to select formal tools and apply them to their work. This paper starts with a review of automated proving techniques based on propositional logic and temporal logic, including SAT, BDD, model checking, and SMT. For first order logic based theorem provers, the authors discuss ACL2, VDM method and B method. Among proof assistants which are based on higher order logics, the authors pick HOL, PVS and COQ. Advancements in commercial formal verification tools are discussed.

Due to the finer temporal and spatial resolution and the better integrality of long-term satellite infrared (IR) temperature of black body (TBB) data, a climatology of deep convection over the subtropics of China( 94 °-124 °E, 24 °-36°N) during summer is presented based on the 1-hourly IR TBB data during June to August of 1996-2007 (2004 excluded). The results show that the climatological characteristics of deep convection denoted by TBB≤ - 52℃ over the subtropics of China are basically consistent with those previous statistical studies based on the surface thunderstorm observations and the low-orbit satellite lightning observations. The monthly variations, pentad variations and diurnal variations of the deep convection over the subtropics of China are focused on. The results show that there are 3 active deep convection areas in the subtropics of China during the period of June-August: Plateaus of Western Sichuan, northeast Yunnan-Guizhou Plateaus, and Zhejiang-Fujian-Jiangxi areas. The monthly variations of the deep convection over the subtropics of China are closely associated with the East Asia Monsoon and the large-scale atmospheric circulation. The deep convection is more active in June and July than in August. The development of the deep convection over the subtropics of China has a characteristic of intermittence, and the active pentad period of the deep convection over the Yangtze-Huaihe River Basin clearly reflects the rainfall events during the Meiyu period and the secondary Meiyu period. The diurnal evolution of the deep convection shows that the deep convection over the Plateaus of Western Sichuan propagates southeastwards after sunset, and then propagates northeastwards to the east Sichuan Basin after midnight, the deep convection over the northeast Yunnan-Guizhou Plateaus propagates southeastwards to north Guangxi after sunset, and the deep convection over Zhejiang-Fujian areas extends westwards and northwards at sunset and retreats eastwards and southwards after sunset. This characteristic of the diurnal variations of the deep convection is, to a great extent, determined by the local topographic distribution. The diurnal variations of the deep convection over the subtropics of China also show that there are two types of diurnal variations of deep convection: single-peak convection and double-peak convection. The diurnal variations of the deep convection over Plateaus of Western Sichuan, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateaus, and Zhej iang-Fujian areas have one peak, but the active period over Plateaus of Western Sichuan and Yunnan-Guizhou Plateaus is much longer than that over Zhejiang-Fujian areas, and the frequency of the deep convection over Yunnan-Guizhou Plateaus in the active period changes much slower than that over the other two areas. The diurnal variations of the deep convection over eastern Sichuan Basin, the Yangtze-Huaihe River Basin, Hunan and Guangxi have two peaks, but the main deep convection peak over eastern Sichuan Basin is before sunrise ( 22UTC) and different from that over the other 3 areas at sunset (09-10 UTC) , and the amplitude of the diurnal deep convection variation over the Yangtze-Huaihe River Basin is much smaller than that over the other 3 areas.

The analysis data include the PM₁₀ (particulate matter with aero-dynamic diameter smaller than 10 μm) mass concentration, AWS (automatic weather station) data and radio-sounding data at Beijing Observatory in November 2007, to find out the relationship between PM₁₀ mass concentration and bulk Richardson number. The result got by statistical analysis software SPSS 15. 0 shows that there is strong correlation between PM₁₀ mass concentration and surface meteorological factors, as well as bulk Richardson number in atmospheric stable stratification condition in Beijing area. The linear correlation between PM₁₀ mass concentration and wind speed ( r= - 0. 65, α= 0. 01) is significant, and the same as that PM₁₀ mass concentration and relative humidity (r = 0. 69, α= 0. 01). There is a nonlinear relationship like logarithm ( R = 0. 42) between PM₁₀ mass concentration and bulk Richardson number of ground to 450m layer. Besides, some independent sample tests also suggest that the regression model simulates the PM₁₀ mass concentration well when using the radio-sounding data.

Nearly all the literatures about Palaeoproterozoic positive δ¹³C excursion in the carbonate sequences on the earth during 2.20-2.06 Ga, which is called as Lomagundi Event, are reviewed. Hypotheses including biology evolvement, the rise of atmospheric oxygen, the Palaeoproterozoic ice age, super-continent break-up and evaporation, are proposed to interpret the Lomagundi Event in those literatures. Based on statistics of relations between the positive δ¹³C excursion and each geological phenomenon according to the data from those literatures , the authors conclude that those hypotheses are all reasonable, but different importance. The carbon isotope fractionation theory shows that the developing magnitude of buried organic matter will increase carbon isotope ratio of carbonate carbon reservoir. Biology evolvement can raise oxygen amount in atmosphere. Warm environment after the Palaeoproterozoic ice age and Kenorland super-continent break-up can both offer good conditions for biology developing. Thus, these evolutions can increase amount of buried organic matter and then cause positive carbon isotope excursion in carbonate carbon reservoir. Meanwhile, evaporation distributed over the world during the time may also cause positive δ¹³C excursion in local restricted environment, so the authors should research depositional environment case by case when considering the positive δ¹³C excursion. The authors analyzed original data of Mn/Sr, δ¹³Cand δ¹⁸O from North America and Fennoscandian Shield to judge effect of weathering, diagenesis and metamorphismon carbon isotope data of the samples. The result shows δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O data of samples are reduced by weathering in some case.

A 100-year return period heavy rain event of 220mm precipitation in 80 min happened at mountainous areas in north of Beijing on August14, 2005 was studied with the help of the visible cloud images of 1.25km resolution from FY2-C geostationary satellite. The results show that the initial convective cells with several kilometers of horizontal scale can be identified by using the high resolution satellite images ahead of 1.0-1.5 h of rainfall, and the intense of the convective cell can be estimated by the shadows projecting on the ground. The horizontal scale of the convective clouds develope to couples of ten km just prior to the rainfall, and the shadows on the flat cloud top indicate that the convection is extremely intensified and breaks up through the tropopause.

A swarm model is designed based on the circular economy concept model and the important character that materials circulate around circuit, with the benefit of the multi-agent modeling for complex adaptive system (CAS) theory. The results of the swarm model indicate that producer-consumer agent in recycle world performs no longer periodical change rhythms, but reaches dynamic equilibrium at the stimulation time of 150 steps. The highest limit of carrying capacity from 0.06 to 0.20. Feedback between “producer" and “consumer" has to be well operated in order to keep the system stability. Compared with present world, it behaves as four factors including technology, production, market and society that impact the feasibility in developing the circular economy in investigating area. This research builds up a series of semi-quantized analyzing indexes based on these four factors, taking Baoan District which is a fast growing area in Shenzhen as a case study. The results suggest that it should develop the weakly-related circular economy system in recent years.

Due to the demand of nowcasting of convective weather in North China (including Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei Province), the authors use the averaged fields of NCEP 1°× 1° final analyses during May to August of 2000-2005 to analyze the climatic background of convective weather in warm season in north China. The averaged fields include mean circulation of the lower and upper troposphere, mean humidity, temperature, pseudo?equivalent potential temperature, convective available potential energy (CAPE), convective inhibition (CIN), and so on. The results show that the climatic background in May and June is different to that in July and August. In May and June, cold air mass from north is more active, and North China is mainly influenced by disturbances of westerly wind systems in mid?latitudes, in contrast, in July and August this area is influenced by both disturbances of westerly wind systems in mid?latitudes and disturbances in lower latitudes. There are more hailstorms and thunderstorms in May and June, but more heavy rains in July and August. The mean daily variation of relative humidity of lower troposphere reveals that there is one dry line (dew point front) in the afternoon to the east of Beijing, and the averaged streamlines of 850 hPa indicate that there exists a large?scale convergence line in boundary layer at the north of Beijing. The above results provide nowcasting of convective weather in north China with a climatic background.

The non-hydrostatic mesoscale model MM5.V3 is used to simulate the wind field, temperature field etc. of the atmospheric boundary layer over Beijing Area with the mesh resolution of 1km. The simulation results show that the numerical model can successfully simulate the heat island effect and the wind field and temperature field, which are affected by the complicated topography and urban heat island. The results show that: (1) The surface temperature in the central Beijing is 6--8℃ higher than that in the suburbs. (2) Due to the unique topography the wind of Beijing area during the day time is southern anabatic wind and is northern katabatic wind in the night.

The wind fields and temperature fields data provided by "D files" from 14 surface observation stations around Beijing area are used to produce the mean wind fields and the mean temperature fields over Beijing area in summer and winter. Such results are gotten: (1) Due to the unique topography the wind of Beijing area during the day time is southern anabatic wind and in the night is northern katabatic wind in summer. In winter, this phenomenon disappears due to the affect of the strong synoptic systems. (2) In summer, Haidian and Fengtai lie in an area with high temperature. These areas are the main are as of the Urban Heat Island over Beijing area. In winter Haidian and the area north to Haidian are high temperature areas during the night.

The cardiovascular system is a complex coupling system, which consists of interacting parts constituting an indivisible integrity. In this paper, the E(t)-R model is adopted for the left and right ventricles, a newly-developed T-Y tube model with distributed parameters is adopted for the systemic arteries, and a newly-developed slightly asymmetric T tube model with distributed parameters is adopted for the pulmonary arteries. Then, the impulse response method and the flow conservation law are employed to simulate the dynamic coupling of the whole circulation in human body. Our computed theoretical results fit well to the available measured data.

Based on the anatomical structure of pulmonary arteries, a slightly asymmetric T-tube model with distributed parameters is proposed herein to simulate the pulmonary arteries. Comparison between our calculated input impedance to the pulmonary arteries with available experimental data proves that such a model provides an excellent simulation to the right ventricular afterload. With a E(t)-R model for the right ventricle and a slightly asymmetric T tube model for the pulmonary arteries, the dynamic coupling of the right ventricle and pulmonary circulation is quantitatively studied using the impulse response method. The influence of various cardiovascular parameters is discussed. It is found that the right ventricle plays a predominant role over the pulmonary arteries in determining the pulmonary blood pressure and flow variations during a cardiac cycle.

A modified method for the estimation of gene copy number in genome is proposed. It based upon the size ratio between the cloned gene and its haploid genome. From the size fraction and the amount of genomic DNA used for analysis, the gene copy number could be estimated from the data of dot blot or Southern blot analysis. Using the procedure proposed by this study, the copy numbers of human α1-antitrypsin gene and rat RALRS-1 repetitive sequence were determined.